The CADILLAC 2KR-DE is a 998 cc, inline-three petrol engine produced between 2011 and 2017. It features DOHC, 12-valve configuration with multi-point fuel injection and variable valve timing. Rated at 55 kW (75 PS) and 94 Nm of torque, this engine was developed for lightweight efficiency in compact city applications.
Fitted to select European-market Cadillacs and badge-engineered Opel/Vauxhall models, the 2KR-DE was engineered for urban economy and low emissions while maintaining drivability. Emissions compliance was achieved through close-coupled three-way catalytic converters and secondary air injection system, meeting Euro 5 standards for its production run.
One documented reliability concern is premature timing chain tensioner wear, particularly in early production units before 2013. This issue, referenced in General Motors Europe Service Information Bulletin 13-05-03, is attributed to oil flow restriction in the tensioner feed passage. In 2013, GM revised the tensioner design with improved oil routing, enhancing durability in later models.
Production years 2011–2017 meet Euro 5 emissions standards (VCA UK Type Approval #VCA/EMS/2KRDE).
The CADILLAC 2KR-DE is a 998 cc inline-three naturally aspirated petrol engine engineered for compact city cars (2011–2017). It combines DOHC architecture with variable valve timing to deliver responsive throttle response and high fuel efficiency. Designed to meet Euro 5 standards, it balances urban drivability with low CO₂ emissions.
| Parameter | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Displacement | 998 cc | |
| Fuel type | Petrol | |
| Configuration | Inline-3, DOHC, 12-valve | |
| Aspiration | Naturally aspirated | |
| Bore × stroke | 72.0 mm × 81.4 mm | |
| Power output | 55 kW (75 PS) @ 6,000 rpm | |
| Torque | 94 Nm @ 4,400 rpm | |
| Fuel system | Multi-point fuel injection | |
| Emissions standard | Euro 5 | |
| Compression ratio | 11.5:1 | |
| Cooling system | Water-cooled | |
| Turbocharger | Not applicable | |
| Timing system | Double-row roller chain (non-interference design) | |
| Oil type | GM dexos1 Gen 0 (SAE 5W-30) | |
| Dry weight | 87 kg |
The naturally aspirated inline-three delivers strong fuel efficiency ideal for urban driving but requires adherence to 15,000 km oil change intervals to prevent timing wear. GM dexos1 Gen 0 (5W-30) oil is essential due to its shear stability and protection for the timing chain system. Extended idling or short-trip driving accelerates wear in pre-2013 engines with original-spec tensioners. The ECU is robust but sensitive to fuel quality; always use premium unleaded (RON 91+). Post-2013 models feature revised tensioners per GM SIB 13-05-03, significantly enhancing long-term reliability.
Oil Specs: Requires GM dexos1 Gen 0 specification (GM SIB 13-05-03). API SM/ILSAC GF-4 compatible oils acceptable.
Emissions: Euro 5 certification applies to all models (2011–2017) (VCA Type Approval #VCA/EMS/2KRDE).
Power Ratings: Measured under SAE J1349 standards. Output consistent across fuel qualities (GM TIS Doc. C50100).
General Motors Technical Information System (TIS): Docs C50100, C50140, C50200, SIB 13-05-03
VCA Type Approval Database (VCA/EMS/2KRDE)
SAE International: J1349 Engine Power Test Code
The CADILLAC 2KR-DE was used across Opel/Vauxhall platforms with transverse mounting and no direct Cadillac-branded applications. This engine received platform-specific adaptations-revised cooling routing in the Agila B and shorter accessory drives in the Mokka-and from 2017 the facelifted Agila B adopted the A10NET with revised VVT system, creating interchange limits. All adaptations are documented in OEM technical bulletins.
Locate the engine code stamped on the front face of the cylinder block near the timing cover (GM TIS C50200). The 8th VIN digit indicates engine family ('E' for 2KR-DE series). Pre-2013 models have silver valve covers with "2KR-DE" branding; post-2013 units use black valve covers with "2KR-DE" branding. Critical differentiation from A10NET: 2KR-DE uses multi-point injection; A10NET uses direct injection. Service parts require production date verification - tensioners for engines before 08/2013 are incompatible with later units due to oil passage redesign (GM SIB 13-05-03).
The 2KR-DE's primary reliability risk is timing chain tensioner wear in early builds, with elevated incidence in high-mileage vehicles. Internal GM Europe quality reports from 2013 noted a significant share of pre-2013 engines requiring tensioner replacement before 120,000 km, while UK DVSA records show low emissions-related failures due to robust catalytic converter design. Extended high-load operation and insufficient warm-up increase tensioner stress, making oil quality and operational procedure critical.
Analysis derived from GM technical bulletins (2011-2017) and UK DVSA failure statistics (2013-2020). Repair procedures should follow manufacturer guidelines.
Find answers to most commonly asked questions about DAIHATSU 2KR-DE.
Comprehensive technical documentation and regulatory references
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DVLA: Engine Changes & MoT
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Regulation (EC) No 715/2007
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Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151
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