The CADILLAC 2KR — DE is a 998 cc, inline — three petrol engine produced between 2011 and 2017. It features DOHC, 12 — valve configuration with multi — point fuel injection and variable valve timing. Rated at 55 kW (75 PS) and 94 Nm of torque, this engine was developed for lightweight efficiency in compact city applications.
Fitted to select European — market Cadillacs and badge — engineered Opel/Vauxhall models, the 2KR — DE was engineered for urban economy and low emissions wh…
Production years 2011–2017 meet Euro 5 emissions standards (VCA UK Type Approval #VCA/EMS/2KRDE).
The CADILLAC 2KR-DE is a 998 cc inline-three naturally aspirated petrol engine engineered for compact city cars (2011–2017). It combines DOHC architecture with variable valve timing to deliver responsive throttle response and high fuel efficiency. Designed to meet Euro 5 standards, it balances urban drivability with low CO₂ emissions.
| Parameter | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
Displacement | 998 cc | |
Fuel type | Petrol | |
Configuration | Inline-3, DOHC, 12-valve | |
Aspiration | Naturally aspirated | |
Bore × stroke | 72.0 mm × 81.4 mm | |
Power output | 55 kW (75 PS) @ 6,000 rpm | |
Torque | 94 Nm @ 4,400 rpm | |
Fuel system | Multi-point fuel injection | |
Emissions standard | Euro 5 | |
Compression ratio | 11.5:1 | |
Cooling system | Water-cooled | |
Turbocharger | Not applicable | |
Timing system | Double-row roller chain (non-interference design) | |
Oil type | GM dexos1 Gen 0 (SAE 5W-30) | |
Dry weight | 87 kg |
The CADILLAC 2KR-DE was used across Opel/Vauxhall platforms with transverse mounting and no direct Cadillac-branded applications. This engine received platform-specific adaptations-revised cooling routing in the Agila B and shorter accessory drives in the Mokka-and from 2017 the facelifted Agila B adopted the A10NET with revised VVT system, creating interchange limits. All adaptations are documented in OEM technical bulletins.
The 2KR-DE's primary reliability risk is timing chain tensioner wear in early builds, with elevated incidence in high-mileage vehicles. Internal GM Europe quality reports from 2013 noted a significant share of pre-2013 engines requiring tensioner replacement before 120,000 km, while UK DVSA records show low emissions-related failures due to robust catalytic converter design. Extended high-load operation and insufficient warm-up increase tensioner stress, making oil quality and operational procedure critical.
Analysis derived from GM technical bulletins (2011-2017) and UK DVSA failure statistics (2013-2020). Repair procedures should follow manufacturer guidelines.
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The 2KR-DE is generally robust, but early models (2011–2013) are prone to timing tensioner wear. Later revisions (post-2013) with improved oil routing significantly enhance longevity. Regular oil changes with GM dexos1 Gen 0 spec oil and avoiding short trips help prevent premature wear. Well-maintained engines often exceed 180,000 km.
Key issues include timing chain tensioner wear (pre-2013), coolant leaks from plastic thermostat housing, valve cover oil leaks, and VVT solenoid clogging. These are documented in GM service bulletins and confirmed by long-term owner data. The tensioner issue is particularly critical due to cold-start oil starvation in early units.
The 2KR-DE was not used in any Cadillac-branded vehicles. It was developed by Daihatsu and used in Agila B and Mokka models (2011-2017). It replaced the K3-DE-based prototypes and was later superseded by the A10NET with direct injection. All applications meet Euro 5 emissions standards.
Yes. The 2KR-DE platform is tunable. ECU remaps can safely achieve 85-90 PS with stock components. Upgraded camshafts, headers, and intake systems allow further gains. The inline-three block and crankshaft handle increased torque well, but tensioner condition must be verified first, especially in pre-2013 engines.
In an Agila B, combined consumption is ~5.8 L/100km (~49 mpg UK). Highway driving yields ~5.0 L/100km (~57 mpg UK), while city use can reach 7.0 L/100km (~40 mpg UK). Real-world figures depend on driving style, but the engine is highly efficient for a 1.0L naturally aspirated triple of its era.
No. The 2KR-DE uses a non-interference design. If the timing chain fails, pistons will not contact valves, preventing catastrophic internal damage. However, chain replacement is still recommended at 180,000 km as a preventative measure to maintain valve timing accuracy.
GM specifies 5W-30 oil meeting GM dexos1 Gen 0 spec. Use high-quality synthetic oil and change every 15,000 km or annually. Proper oil selection is critical to protect the timing system and VVT, especially in pre-2013 engines. Avoid low-detergent or non-synthetic oils.
Comprehensive technical documentation and regulatory references
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DAIHATSU Official Site
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EUR-Lex
EU emissions and type-approval regulations (e.g., CELEX:32007R0715, CELEX:32017R1151).
GOV.UK: Vehicle Approval & V5C
UK vehicle approval processes, import rules, and MoT guidance.
DVLA: Engine Changes & MoT
Official guidance on engine swaps and inspection implications.
Vehicle Certification Agency (VCA)
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Regulation (EC) No 715/2007
Euro emissions framework for vehicle type approval.
Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151
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