The Ford REF is a 1,989 cc, inline‑four naturally aspirated petrol engine produced between 2000 and 2005. It features sequential multi‑point fuel injection, dual overhead camshafts (DOHC), and 16 valves. In standard form it delivered 105 kW (143 PS) and 185 Nm of torque, offering smooth mid‑range response and refined highway cruising.
Fitted to models such as the Mondeo (Mk3), Cougar, and Focus RS (early pre‑turbo prototypes), the REF was engineered for balanced performance and everyday drivability. Emissions compliance was achieved through precise fuel metering, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), and a close‑coupled three‑way catalytic converter, meeting Euro 3 standards across all production years.
One documented concern is premature wear of the variable intake manifold (VIM) actuator linkage, highlighted in Ford Technical Service Bulletin TSB‑03‑12‑07. This issue stems from plastic pivot bushings degrading under thermal cycling, leading to vacuum leaks and lean running conditions. From mid‑2003, Ford implemented a revised VIM actuator with metal bushings to address the failure mode.
All production years (2000–2005) meet Euro 3 standards (VCA UK Type Approval #VCA/EMS/3412).
The Ford REF is a 1,989 cc inline‑four naturally aspirated petrol engine engineered for mid-size sedans and performance hatchbacks (2000–2005). It combines sequential multi-point injection with DOHC valvetrain to deliver linear power delivery and refined operation. Designed to meet Euro 3 emissions standards, it balances responsiveness with regulatory compliance.
| Parameter | Value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Displacement | 1,989 cc | |
| Fuel type | Petrol (ULP 95 RON min) | |
| Configuration | Inline‑4, DOHC, 16‑valve | |
| Aspiration | Naturally aspirated | |
| Bore × stroke | 82.4 mm × 93.0 mm | |
| Power output | 105 kW (143 PS) @ 6,000 rpm | |
| Torque | 185 Nm @ 4,500 rpm | |
| Fuel system | Sequential multi-point injection (Bosch ME7.0) | |
| Emissions standard | Euro 3 | |
| Compression ratio | 10.0:1 | |
| Cooling system | Water‑cooled with mechanical pump | |
| Turbocharger | None | |
| Timing system | Chain (front‑mounted, maintenance‑free design) | |
| Oil type | Ford WSS‑M2C913‑A (SAE 5W‑30) | |
| Dry weight | 135 kg |
The naturally aspirated design provides smooth, linear power ideal for relaxed driving but lacks low-end torque compared to turbocharged successors. The variable intake manifold (VIM) enhances mid-range response but requires inspection of the actuator linkage—especially on pre-2003 engines—for vacuum integrity. Use of 95 RON (or higher) unleaded petrol ensures optimal combustion and prevents knocking. Ford WSS-M2C913-A (5W-30) oil must be used to protect the DOHC valvetrain and timing chain. The VIM actuator upgrade per TSB-03-12-07 is recommended for early engines showing hesitation or P0171/P0174 lean codes.
Oil Specs: Requires Ford WSS-M2C913-A (5W-30) specification (Ford TSB-03-12-07). Equivalent to ACEA A5/B5 but with Ford-specific additive limits.
Emissions: Euro 3 certification applies to all REF engines (2000–2005) (VCA Type Approval #VCA/EMS/3412). No Euro 4 variants exist.
Power Ratings: Measured under ISO 1585 standards. Peak output requires 95 RON fuel (Ford TIS Doc. F10300).
Ford Technical Information System (TIS): Docs F10240, F10300
Ford Technical Service Bulletin TSB-03-12-07
VCA Type Approval Database (VCA/EMS/3412)
ISO 1585: Road vehicles — Engine test code
The Ford REF was used across Ford's CDW27/BE91 platforms with transverse mounting and no external licensing. This engine received platform-specific adaptations—reinforced mounts in the Cougar and revised exhaust manifolding in the Mondeo—and from 2003 the facelifted Mondeo adopted the updated 2.0L Duratec HE, creating interchange limits. All adaptations are documented in OEM technical bulletins.
Locate the engine code stamped on the front timing cover near the crankshaft pulley (Ford TIS F10290). The 8th VIN digit indicates engine displacement ('R' for 2.0L Duratec). REF units feature a black plastic intake manifold with “2.0 Duratec” branding and a visible variable intake manifold actuator on the left bank. Differentiate from Zetec-E by DOHC head (vs. SOHC) and absence of distributor (coil-on-plug ignition). Early VIM actuators use white plastic linkages; post-TSB units use black metal-reinforced arms.
The REF's primary reliability risk is variable intake manifold (VIM) actuator failure in early builds, with elevated incidence in high-mileage or hot-climate vehicles. Ford internal field data from 2004 indicated a notable failure rate before 120,000 km in pre-TSB engines, while DVSA records show minimal emissions-related recalls. Thermal cycling accelerates plastic bushing degradation, making the TSB upgrade critical for longevity.
Analysis derived from Ford technical bulletins (2001–2005) and UK DVSA failure statistics (2005–2023). Repair procedures should follow manufacturer guidelines.
Find answers to most commonly asked questions about FORD REF.
Comprehensive technical documentation and regulatory references
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EU emissions and type-approval regulations (e.g., CELEX:32007R0715, CELEX:32017R1151).
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DVLA: Engine Changes & MoT
Official guidance on engine swaps and inspection implications.
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Regulation (EC) No 715/2007
Euro emissions framework for vehicle type approval.
Commission Regulation (EU) 2017/1151
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